Toys and Games Essay Example for Free

Toys and Games Essay The Toys and Games industry is one of the most versatile and imaginative endeavor organizations that laid out a wide extent of items for more youthful kids just as somewhat more seasoned youngsters. An expanding business sector of youngsters toys and games have become in the course of the most recent quite a while to delivering interesting items that fulfills guardians both on costs and innovation. The toy and gaming industry has developed to created unprecedented amusement items just as brand character to set the company’s brand value (Kelly, 2000:08). For example the Mattel and Hasbro organization brands adds to the gigantic buyer interests to toys and gaming framework in the United States, China, and U. K. that made furious rivalry with relating global organization brands. The advertising methodologies actualized by the organizations working in various geographic areas present an intriguing point of view for characterizing the item particulars (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007:98). A portion of the limits distinguished in the toy and game industry that brought about the market being influenced by falling birth rate. This thus made a lower responsibility in youngsters populace is declining in the previous decade from 1996-2001 (Key Note, 2007:44). In this manner, the limit makes the requirement for endeavors to upgrade items for the more seasoned kids advertise and give proper showcasing viewpoints agreeing (Emeraldinsight. com, 2008). The showcasing techniques utilized by the organizations the significant organization brands are fixated on the center specialized headway to set the objective division (Shermerhorn, 2008:38). The showcasing procedures are arranged and executed from its focal stage in the worldwide market because of the huge chances to arriving at dominant part of the kids populace. The company’s brand durable methodology gives the difficulties uncovered by every part showcase that rethinks the limit recently demonstrated for presentation in the United States, China, and the U. K. target showcase fragments distinguished (Asa. organization, 2008:2). The toy and games industry segments are classifications in nine units that are as per the following (Key Note, 200711): ? Newborn child/pre-school toys and games items for under 5year olds ? Movement toys ? Outside/sport toys and games ? Games/puzzles ? Dolls ? Activity toys ? Vehicles ? Extravagant toys ? Different Products The toy and game industry class parts are collecting the advertising way to deal with be assigned by target segment and areas to render the most brand value to a productivity standing (Chitty, Barker, and Shrimp, 2005:22). The business undertaking needs to renders a more extended shopper pledge to a specific brand all together continuing tasks when the objective segment changes, a valid example the last past decade declined in labors (Cameron, 2004). In addition, the valuing techniques offer another component to aid the differentials between the huge organization marks that makes a key angles to laid out the ideas at serious costs so as to turn into the pioneer in the toy and game industry. The effect of government arrangements and laws on the Toys and Games Industry The recognized government approaches affecting the Toys and Games industry identifies with a few worries that wellbeing to loads and measure guidelines. These two territories out of the many determined guidelines relying upon the area around the globe where toys and games are sold, the security territory and weight estimations are dominately the essential concern. The wellbeing enactment authorizes the Toy Safety Directive 88/378/EEC that stricts the toy organization to cling to materials not damaging to the earth or long-term negative exsposure to kids. Besides, the security lawmaking body covers the methods for guaranteeing the toy items and games are adjusted imparting the right assessement towards age, stifling risks pieces, EN71-2:2006 Flammability, and other extra data to give the parent the correct appraisal. The loads and measure guidelines 1994 No# 1851 identifies with the necessity for a sign of real weighing of the toy and game. For example, the more youthful kids segment are at various sizes just as the holder/furniture to hold or stand up the item (Key Note, 2007:55). Consequently, this specific guideline gives the parent required data to more readily survey what is satisfactory for the youngsters as well as houselhold. The weight and measure guidelines takes into consideration the company’s brands to concentrate on the proper parts important to address two folds of advertising and RD concerns; valuing and focused on segment inclinations for long-term interests in the toy or game. These implemented government approaches are outfitted towards bringing the law inside the toy and game industry to encourage the developing organization brand in the universal market just as locally. In doing as such, the end client that is for the most part more youthful youngsters can appreciate the toy and game item to its maximum capacity without the prompt worry of a potential hurtful result. Examination on the Economic Forces which Affect Demand for the Toys and Games Industry The monetary condition is continually changing that delivers a difficult idea for toy and game companys to being inventive in selling and conveying their items. The U. K. total national output keeps on indicating the reliable degree of development from 2004 to right now. In doing as such, the GDP has gives a positive setting to the corporate spending in RD for item improvement. The zone of expansion does emerges, particularly the most recent few years especially in U. K. , in which the rate have falled behind for the expansion of family unit discretionary cashflow (Carol. co. uk. ,2008:2). As financial experts have plot, the costs that ascents in an economy overall hoave been lower than salary rises makes open doors for toys and games organization undertakings to adjust to the economic situations (Baye, 2009:102) The GDP in the U. K. midpoints to a 5% increments between 2007-2010 that energizes toys and games endeavors for additional interest in conventional segment markets. The senior supervisory group inside the toy and game industry organizations gave the required financing to additionally investigate increasingly innovative approaches to take advantage of the accessible extra/spendable pay of family units. Separately, the worldwide focal point of promoting to these focused on family units are progressively viable in featuring new items and highlights that can mean â€Å"crazes† that support volume deals for explicit items. The development rate keeps on improving as increasingly more toy and game organizations prepared their advertising group to recognize drifts and adjust rapidly to the changing inclinations in the segment (Pelsmacker, 2006:122). For example, the most recent report on more youthful kids are progressively disposed to lean toward toys and games that are more seasoned in content that is understanding because of the ascent in pre-school training. The more youthful kids populace will in general be more pulled in to toys and games that are at least1 grade higher that delivers an accentuation on making items that are trying to hold children’s intrigue. The monetary condition additionaly makes a structure for companys to furnish redesigned alternatives all together neutralize with restricted item timeframe of realistic usability inside the specific age gatherings. This is basic for significant brands to change in like manner because of current patterns of more youthful kids inclinations that are not the same as forty years back. The collaboration of major company’s brand with retailers and examination on patterns offers a fortification to RD to promoting successfully in a difficult financial condition. The Impact of Demographic Change, Society’s convictions, Values and Attitudes The recognized effect of segment changes are in the details inclinations from the more youthful youngsters populace. Lately, the more youthful kids populace favors all the more testing exercises from toys and games that requires for better RD to advertise viably in the business. Likewise, the effect of the essential segment makes an opporutunity for major companys to extend the focal point of item advancement for a very long time 7-9 and 10-18 that centers around instructive improvement just as diversion. These segment changes has advantages and disadvantages relying upon the explicitness of the toy and game organization to adjust appropriately so as to remain important and pioneer in the business (Bryman, 2007:45). The society’s convictions, qualities, and mentalities on certain toys and games accommodate social mindful organization to cling to that won't limit the attractiveness of the item. That is the reason most toy and game organizations concentrate the greater part of their interests in the worldwide markets to uncover the product offering. The various societies accommodates a progressively indicated advertising system that recognize the youngsters society conviction and qualities that will energize an uplifting demeanor towards the organization brand. For example, the Mattel Corporation number one doll Barbie is promoted universally and in each culture there are distinctive subject Barbie, for example the UK model will be diverse for the China model or even the U. S. A. model. This methodology takes into consideration a progressively serious toy and game organization to fuse required characteristics in items that has an enduring impacts on more youthful and more seasoned kids. The adaptability of the more youthful youngsters inclinations takes into account the making of redesigned custom fitted toys and games that more seasoned kids are more pulled in to buy as needs be. In this manner, the brand of Sony and Playstation created diverse segment age gatherings to showcase that will adjust the uniqueness of timespans of low birth rate to a higher more established kids populace. The interest for an alternate gaming experience by the more seasoned socioeconomics sets the bar for firms both in the U. K. what's more, the United States that makes a pla

Gender Socialization in a Toy Store free essay sample

Transgender?at grabbed my eye the most out of this path was the â€Å"Baby Newborn† doll as a result of how genuine the child doll is contrasted with a genuine infant. On the rear of the case it says, â€Å"Without you, Baby Newborn couldn't endure. Through your adoration and backing, Baby Newborn can grow up to be much the same as you. † Already, this doll and that message, tells little youngsters that they can give and deal with an infant all alone, despite the fact that the â€Å"Baby Newborn† doll is simply robotized. To deal with the â€Å"Baby Newborn† doll, you should the significance to consistently look great. Likewise, toys, for example, â€Å"Super Hair Creations,† â€Å"Glamour Girl Set,† Manicure Mania,† and â€Å"Scent Salon Beauty,† additionally, stresses the significance of excellence, alongside the â€Å"Barbie† dolls. These toys show young ladies at a youthful age that fixating on the manner in which you look is significant and what society just may appear to acknowledge. We will compose a custom paper test on Sex Socialization in a Toy Store or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As blinded little youngsters might be by the generalizations these articles are instructing, by growing up, it will stick in a young ladies mind intellectually and intellectually the pressure and significance of magnificence that these toys make. My last perception was in the boy’s path. It is as of now a realized sex generalization for young men that they should be predominant and manly by socialization. By following up in the boy’s path, I needed to discover toys that focused on those realized sex generalizations that society has made for young men. To begin with, I went over toys, for example, â€Å"Starwars Double Take Death Kit,† â€Å"Small Soldiers Karate Fighters,† â€Å"Small Soldiers Action Figures,† and â€Å"WWF Ring Warriors Wrestling Kit. † These four toys have just made sex generalization for young men to be manly. In addition to the fact that it encourages the attribute of being manly, however it empowers intensity, strength, forcefulness, and savagery. Through these toys, it reflects young men adversely by urging young men to generalization themselves that savagery is the best approach to take care of issues and to be prevailing and solid. It stresses significance from society that those attributes, particularly predominance, is the best way to be a â€Å"real man† in our socialization. Generally, the two sexual orientations stress diverse sex jobs and generalizations just from the toys that them, just as being friendly. That, yet the dolls make a sexual orientation job for little youngsters at such a youthful age, that they are there to deal with kids and to figure out how to nearly resemble a stay at toâ be great and dainty for society, just as learning their social jobs as standards at an opportune time throughout everyday life. The boy’s toys could, likewise, participate in influencing their confidence from the get-go, or inevitably, due to the sorts of supportive gestures and worries for young men to get togethe r to the desires to be manly and a â€Å"real man. † â€Å"Toys R Us,† doesn't instruct as much lack of bias between the two sexual orientations toys. Perhaps one day later, the stop of sexual orientation generalizing inside toys among young men and young ladies will share and progressively impartial sexed toys will be made for the two sexes to appreciate.

Devry of Crystal City, VA. Free Essays

This situation includes Cassie and Bill. The both have involvement with Project Management anyway Bill much more understanding than Cassie does. Bill last task was late and over planned so Cassie somewhat incredulous about his general information however yet she is as yet ready to rundown to him. We will compose a custom article test on Devry of Crystal City, VA. or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now I am the third individual brought into this gathering and I will talk about various roads of way to deal with fix these issues. I will clarify the various components recognized just as how I feel that they ought to be tended to. Conceptual: I posted these remarks: Bring the two directors together and examine all the present and future hazard factors * Establish a spending that will enable every chief to comprehend the short and long haul influences * Make an outline of how and when the potential outcomes of dangers are most defenseless * Ensure that everybody rehearses experimentation to guarantee the board and businesses are advantaged to the hazard factors. * Capture past undertakings and study their history of hazard grid and match both to check whether you are following the correct strategies or diminishing danger factors * Always twofold check everything your group has secured all in all to guarantee the best possible hazard measure have been actualized The understudies remarks had a few assessments, anyway they essentially concurred that all activities ought to have a rundown of plans and these plans should cover generally chances. these dangers ought to be reasonable and inside your essential financial plan. You should separate the venture into quarters and each quarter ought to be planned by your necessities. Presently I do comprehend that issues come up and venture are drawn out or over planned at first yet as a decent undertaking Mason 3 administrator, you should get ready for setbacks regardless of whether they don’t happen. I would propose that you record all the potential issues and make alterations varying. For example Liza Nicholas, composed that she loved using WBS since it permits faculty to really observe the breakdown of the considerable number of prerequisites. I do concur that when explicit assignments are recorded alongside short and long haul objectives. This general data is useful and required when ventures are exorbitant and broad. You ought to consistently cover the past ventures and choose which hazard appraisals were regarded to be refined. There will consistently be a few missteps, yet my general target is to limit dangers and ensure your task as sheltered as could be expected under the circumstances. Colleagues and workers ought to talk about the potential dangers and set up an arrangement to guarantee that everybody realizes the result in the event that dangers sway the project’s course of events. It is essential to follow your course of events and ensure your costs coordinate those dates. End: The general thought is to ensure that the venture chiefs are specifying hazard plans and following the direction from past missteps. Plans ought to be to the point and developed by nature alongside breadth of the task itself. The executives ought to screen each extend and guaranteeing that everybody does what is expected to guarantee security and keep up assets for each venture. As an outsider part, I might want to guarantee that all Mason 4 representatives and staff will know and comprehend their dangers in each undertaking and really realize the suitable moves to make if there should arise an occurrence of a prompt reaction or activities is required. Instructions to refer to Devry of Crystal City, VA., Papers

Cloud Computing Dissertation Research Proposal - 3025 Words

Cloud Computing Dissertation Research Proposal (Research Proposal Sample) Content: Dissertation Research ProposalFor aMBA in I.T ManagementStudent nameInstitutionDateProposed TitleCloud Computing: Managing the Security Risks in Small and Medium Enterprises in the United Arab EmiratesSummaryCloud computing, in its present form, is a fairly new and evolving paradigm showing huge potential to grow in information technology industry. This is mainly due to the sheer attractiveness of providing very expensive server computing technology to smaller businesses that find it completely impractical to invest in this type of infrastructure when their needs are, for the most part, sporadic with usage requirements that are difficult to forecast. It is also useful for the larger companies that have their own servers for day to day operations, but require increased computing power for relatively short periods of time in their business cycles (Chee Franklin, 2010). The ability to pay for the services as required without the costly infrastructure expenses is a good business model.The relative newness of this type of service, while highly beneficial, has the potential for huge risks for the customers including security risks. This paradigm is a network in which the primary users have minimal control of the structure, shared users, and overall security, particularly in relation to data that is processed or stored in the external servers.This mixed method study will discover and examine the issues that arise from the risks identified and discussed in the literature, particularly in relation to security for the small and medium business owners in the United Arab Emirates who access cloud computing technology to support their internet-based businesses. Data will be collected, from a convenience sample of information technology mangers in small and medium enterprises that conduct some or all of their business using the internet in the United Arab Emirates, using an on-line survey instrument that will be designed to collect both quantitative and qual itative data about their cloud computing experiences and issues.The risks will always exist, but this researcher intends to discern which risks are the most problematic for end users in this country. The researcher will determine what mitigations are already being employed by information technology professionals that are supporting these internet-based businesses and how effective they are in minimizing security issues. And finally, the researcher will determine what issues persist and the types and levels of risk these issues bring to business owners and operators in the United Arab Emirates. Discovering the nature and severity of these risks will enable the information technology industry, the support organizations for small and medium enterprises, and perhaps even government to develop technology or policy to secure the cloud for end users in this country.The potential for business growth will only increase as more small and medium enterprises access cloud-computing services and technology and this research will contribute to the ability of small and medium enterprises in the United Arab Emirates to minimize their risks associated with conducting business using this type of technology.Literature ReviewCloud Computing: A DefinitionThe services offered by providers that deliver either hardware or software over the internet are referred to as cloud computing (Armbrust et al., 2010). Cloud computing provides business access to off-site resources that are efficient and agile (what is needed, when it is needed). Marstona et al. (2011) define cloud computing as:An information technology service model where computing services (both hardware and software) are delivered on-demand to customers over a network in a self-service fashion, independent of device and location. The resources required to provide the requisite quality-of-service levels are shared, dynamically scalable, rapidly provisioned, virtualized and released with minimal service provider interaction. User s pay for the service as an operating expense without incurring any significant initial capital expenditure, with the cloud services employing a metering system that divides the computing resource in appropriate blocks.Mell Gance (2011) of National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States drafted a lengthy definition of cloud computing, including this first line: Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Deployment ModelsOgigău-NeamÃ…Â £iu (2012) describes four deployment models for cloud computing. The private cloud is infrastructure designed and operated for only one business user. It can be hosted externally and managed by a third party, but in effect is a company's p rivate server. This model does not have any of the benefits outlined in the next section. The public cloud is infrastructure made available to subscribers or pay-per-use customers by a third party cloud service provider. The community cloud is infrastructure purchased and managed by a consortium of users. It is similar to the private cloud, but the costs are shared by all the members of the consortium. The hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more of the other models and users have both on-site and off-site infrastructure to support their computing requirements. Advantages of Cloud ComputingArmbrust et al. (2010) explain how a 'pay as you go' utilization of accessing an external server for utility computing makes more economic sense than tying up capital resources in a server that will be under-utilized much of the time. Cloud computing now permits a business to purchase server hours on demand and as needed, such as for peak load times or when the organization needs additio nal server time to perform batch analytics. Additionally, when a business is unable to determine how much server time/capacity they may require (e.g., during a new Web startup), cloud computing does not require up-front commitments and will support spikes and the business will not be penalized (at least not from the public cloud) when there is a reduction in demand. Marstona et al. (2011) reported that six corporate data centres who participated in a survey conducted by Gartner Research showed they were using only 10-30% of their available computing power. The businesses were responsible for 100% of the maintenance and service costs, however and this has been shown to be up to two-thirds of an 'average corporate IT staffing budget.' The cloud permits smaller businesses to benefit from "computational exercises [that] typically involve large amounts of computing power for relatively short amounts of time" without having to invest in high-cost server resources. In fact purchasing cloud computing services can provide a business "immediate access to hardware resources with no upfront capital investment" as well as to innovative applications (Antonopoulos Gillam, 2010).The opportunity for cost reduction while still enjoying optimal, efficient, and fully scalable computing resources that can be provisioned immediately and on demand, implemented according to business needs, decommissioned when no longer required, scaled up when business requirements peak, and scaled down when requirements wane is very attractive indeed. However, this burgeoning newer method of sharing technological resources had brought a plethora of privacy, security, reliability, access, and regulation issues (Rittinghouse Ransome, 2010). Security Issues in the CloudWhile the benefits of cloud computing delivering business-supporting technology are vast, there are a number of issues and security challenges that must be acknowledged and addressed. Marstona et al. (2011) insist there is an "urgent need for understanding the business related issues surrounding cloud computing."The Cloud Security Alliance (2013) and Samson (2013) identify and discuss nine top threats to security as a result of cloud security The 'Top Threats Working Group' conducted a survey of industry experts and compiled a list of nine critical threats to cloud security (ranked in order of severity):1. Data Breaches2. Data Loss3. Account Hijacking4. Insecure APIs5. Denial of Service6. Malicious Insiders7. Abuse of Cloud Services8. Insufficient Due Diligence9. Shared Technology Issues ObjectiveThis project seeks to discover the experience of managers providing information technology services to small and medium enterprises that serve their customers using the internet. Specifically, this research will gather feedback from information technology managers on their utilization of cloud computing services, the specific issues they have encountered, the mitigation activity resulting from encountered issu es, the efforts they have undertaken to ensure security of their cloud enabled business interests and data storage, and their perceptions on the value of cloud computing to their respective businesses. Project OutcomesThe purpose of this mixed methods study is to evaluate the current state of cloud computing in the United Arab Emirates. The researcher will gather quantitative and qualitative data from identified stakeholders in order to determine the specific risk factors, and associated mitigation in relation to security, associated with utilizing cloud computing technology and services to support internet-based businesses in this country in 2013. By examining the experiences of businesses currently engaged in this practice, this study hopes to discover commonalities in the issues experienced by the selected stakeholders. The resu...

Research Article Critique - 2605 Words

The objective of this assignment is to critique the research article titled ‘Staff-student relationships and their impact on nursing students’ belongingness and learning’. Polit and Beck (2008) highlighted that there is expectancy on nurses to conduct research in order to base their practice on evidence which has emerged from research. Nurses are expected to use their research findings to make informed decisions and actions with patients. The ultimate goal of research is to develop and expand ones knowledge in any field. The development and use of knowledge is essential in improvement in patient care. Research enables the nurse to explain phenomena and the characteristics of certain situations that need to be considered when planning†¦show more content†¦Cronin et al. (2007) explained a literature review as being a summary of research that has been carried out on the proposed research topic. The aim of the literature review is to provide a rationale for a new research topic to be undertaken. A good literature review will have a selection of information from varied sources. In this article the literature review is under the heading of background this may be a cause of confusion for some readers and could perhaps be more suited to its own heading. However, the literature review in this article clearly summarises the research that has been conducted into the topic of interest. The fact that the need to belong and accepted is a fundamental need is highlighted. Furthermore the effects of being depraved of this need are also brought to the forefront. In addition to this further studies have been conducted into the depravation of social relationships and its link with higher levels of somatic and psychosomatic illness. The author highlighted that studies have shown that in nursing literature it is assumed that a sense of belonging is an important factor for experiencing a positive placement although the author further addresses that few researchers have explored the exact meaning of belongingness.Show MoreRelatedCritique Of A Research Article1750 Words   |  7 PagesCritique of a research article This paper is a critique of Alison Fuller and Lorna Unwin’s research article ‘Knowledge Workers’ as the New Apprentices: The Influence of Organisational Autonomy, Goals and Values on the Nurturing of Expertise’ Vocations and Learning’. Professor Alison Fuller, formerly of the University of Southampton, has been Chair in Vocational Education and Work at the Institute Of Education (IOE) since September 2013 while Lorna Unwin is Chair in Vocational Education at the IOERead MoreCritique of a Research Article3113 Words   |  13 Pagesteams. 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The Abolition Movement Of The 1800s - 1547 Words

The Abolition Movement in the 1800s was a controversial time for America. There were many who fought for the right to keep slaves, but there were also many who fought for the freedom of slaves. People like Fredrick Douglass Anthony Burns, and works such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin gave a sense of liberty to the people who did not understand how little they had, and how restricted they were. Many factors had key roles within this movement, each becoming important, and crucial to the abolishment of slavery. The American Anti-Slavery Society played key roles in the abolition of slavery. The Anti-Slavery Society is what began the abolitionist movement. It was founded in Philadelphia by William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and a few others. This ensemble issued the Declaration of the Anti-Slavery Convention; the Declaration of the Anti-Slavery Convention announced the reasons for formation of the society and establishing its goals. Annually, they distributed the Anti-Sl avery Almanac; â€Å"an almanac containing poems, drawings, essays, and other abolitionist material.† This almanac would show whoever saw it the true horrors of slavery. It would show the living conditions and strenuous labor that these people had to go through daily, in hopes to open the eyes of those who did not realize how inhumanly these people were treated. Fredrick Douglass is a very important man with the concept of the abolition of slavery. He, himself was a slave who escape confinement inShow MoreRelatedThe Women s Rights Movement886 Words   |  4 Pagesbe the first person to stand up for their cause. Each leader represents every individual in their movement and they have to be willing to sacrifice everything for the cause of their movement. 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Their identity was that of property, and after abolition, their identity remained inferior to that of whites, and currently, their identity is soaring due to established equal rights. The 1800s marked a significant time for African Americans because what had been antislavery sentiments sparked into the abolitionist movement in the 1830s, therefore shifting the identity of African Americans. Sparks led to the abolitionist movement upon the realization that â€Å"Slavery is such an atrocious debasementRead MoreDear Righteous Reformer Admissions Committee1439 Words   |  6 Pageswith the movement was intrinsic to its propagation and success in the wake of the Civil War and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. The Righteous Reformer Hall of Fame would be honored by the inclusion of William Lloyd Garrison, and his advocacy of African American liberty and full social equality positions him above your other candidates in the quest for induction. 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Analysis of the Post Development- Free-Samples- Myassignmenthelp

Question: critically evaluate the Post-Development critique of Development. Answer: Introduction Development is widely seen as an improvement of a countrys economy as well as the social conditions. However, the concept of development has been debated and raised a lot of concerns as well as attracting a lot of scholars to research on the sole purpose of development. Many value judgments have been drawn in a bid to understand what constitutes development and what does not. However, it is important to note that the main aim of development is to create conditions that lead to the realization of the potentials of personalities (Crain, 2015). Therefore, the understanding of post development theory is very important in understanding the modern perspective of development and what ideologies are behind the concept of development. Is the modern world still holding to the traditional approach to development or are we experiencing a new era of post development? If then why do we have to criticize the post development theory or why does the theory hold much significance to some countries? Do es the scope of post development help achieve the goals of development or does it negate the whole idea of development? This study, therefore, seeks to provide a critical analysis of the post development ideologies or critique of development through an understanding of different scholars of the subject. The understanding of post development is developed from the theory of post development. The theory or the theorists of post development hold to the opinion or ideology that the practice of development in any nation or country is entirely a reflection of the Western- Northern hegemony and is imposed on other developing nations. Therefore they have declared development as bankrupt and absolute and initiated a call for other development alternatives (Peet Hartwick, 2015). Such a concept has however come under great scrutiny from mainstream policy makers as well as from academics. Many criticisms have been raised over the subject of development based on the ideologies of the postmodern development and from a different perspective, the critics may be right as the theorists argue that the world might be experiencing or witnessing the last rites of development (Moore Schmitz, 2016). But how true are these findings or conclusion are to other scholars of different opinion has been the big q uestion as in over two decades the tenets of development discourse created since colonial and post-colonial era have continued to trouble the minds of many policy makers as well as business or economic analysts. Many theorists, however, propose the use of history as a methodology for studying and helping people understand development than the prevailing notion of constructing development theories in a bid to understand and explain history as well as providing development models for the future. Nick Cullather argues that history of development has been used as a methodology of studying modernization in which the real case should be using modernization to study history (Jackson Srensen, 2015). Post development holds the critique that the modern development theory is just a creation of academic, political as well as economic ideologies. And argue that this context of development is policy oriented and problem oriented and therefore it is believed to be it's only effective to a particular social concern. The development theory is however believed to assume the framework that is already established by either a government or a certain political culture for it to be implemented (Kapoor, 2014). This has brought the argument that the post development process was socially constructed and historically believed to reflect the development pattern of Western Hegemony. This idea has brought a lot of criticisms of the development framework since the post development theorists believed development as an ideology as well as a social vision based on ideas of modernization which are believed to hold a western economic structure and society and imposed to other nations to follow and emulate. Such an understanding brought a conflict in terms of development disclosure which was argued to reflect the unequal relations between the West and the rest of the world (Gupta et al. 2015). The main arguments from different scholars were the perception or understanding of development as a scope that covered or br ought about the western knowledge of development, its approach towards development, the conception of what development entails as well as the perceptions of development progress (Ziai, 2015). The post development theorists argued that these were all directed to the course of the rest of the world and therefore the continued belief that development had no goal or was obsolete to the developing countries as was meant to continue African domination as dependents over the developed nations. The argument of some of the scholars of the post development theory such as Arturo Escobar, Gustavo Estera, and Gilbert List among others argued that post development was unjust, never worked and even at this point they still point out that it has theory has failed. Their argument was that the ideas of development stands like a ruin in the intellectual landscape and also argue that it is meant to dismantle the mental structure (Asongu, 2016). This structure was meant to bring a concept of the hierarchy of developed and underdeveloped nations. In this case, the developed nations were seen as more advanced while the underdeveloped nations were seen as inferior in need of help from developed nations and always desire to be like the developed nations. The post development theorist criticized the model of development to be ethnocentric and Universalist based on the western model of industrialization is has been found to be unsuitable in a world of limited resources (Radcliffe, 2015). It w as then found to be ineffective due to the argument that the development model was ignorant of the local culture as well as the historical contexts of the people to which they are applied. Therefore the post development theorist based on these developmental concerns promoted the development of pluralism in the ideas about development. Therefore having looked at the post development theory and the ideas brought about by different theorists it is evident that their main critique for development was the fact that development was imposed upon the developing world by the West. However, their critic is found to be unrealistic as their main argument was based on the ideology that development was imposed on the developing nations yet in more realistic terms development should be said to have risen from the developed nations (Childs Williams, 2014). Wirth such an understanding it would be easy for nations to support development initiatives since the developing nations can only adopt the development frameworks that work for them other than having the feeling that development is been imposed on the developing nations. Ray Kiel argues that development should be understood in terms of the choices made by the different nations (Andrews Bawa, 2014). Post development theorists idea that a rejection of all development by a nation translates to a rejection of the possibility for material advancement and transformation was objected and found to be overstated as it ignored the many transformations in life opportunities that are evident in many parts of the developing nations. Development can still be achieved without adopting certain strategies of development as it is entirely dependent on the development choices made by different economies of different nations (Leigh Blakely, 2016). Development can be viewed by both short term developmental goals as well as the long term goals and therefore a nation does not have to adopt or implement certain or all development ideas brought forth from different economies. And therefore there is a possibility of attaining development goals without the adoption of all development ideologies or frameworks. The post development theorists have also failed to notice the heterogeneity within the development discourse which is categorized or has been categorized under western hegemony. It is, however, realistic to say that development may have risen from the westerns but only some limited concepts of might have originated from them (Escobar, 2015). Failure to promote development with the view of western hegemony is an act of ignorance as development is a wide concept that can only be understood from a different school of thoughts. There isnt any sufficient school of thought that can be said to be sufficient to explain the concept of development. Cultural relativism was also a major critic of development under post development. However, it is important to understand that the idea of a society or national cultural beliefs and practices can only be judged only by those who practice them. Cultural relativism refers to the fact that values, ideas, norms, and behaviors differ from culture to culture and place to place (Pye Verba, 2015). However this may be true, it is still critical to understand that the heterogeneity of development cuts across the bridges of cultural relativism as the basic goal or objective of development is to make or create the conditions that lead to a realization of the potential of personalities in different societies and therefore it only calls for mechanisms of involving or initiating people centered development initiatives. Post development has also been criticized to represent extreme relativism instead of extreme universalism which may bring dangerous development consequences. The post development has also been criticized for perpetuating a neo liberal who rejected the top- down and centralized approach to development and have been found to be in support or promoting development through local means. However the post modernization development theory holds to the idea that the first world needs the third worlds and vice versa which is a central opinion to that held by the neo- liberal assumptions that the world is an equal playing field and therefore each nation has a capacity to compete equally with other nations (Park, 2014). It is important to note that for development to be achieved nations have to depend on each other as there is no single country that is self-sufficient. It can only have a competitive advantage over the others but does not mean that it is not dependent on the other. The notion that was brought about by this argument was that the local nations were responsible for their own predicament which is very unrealistic. Lastly, post development critic of development did unintentionally agree with the neo- liberalist ideology of development that favors decentralized development projects and ignores the possibility of assisting impoverished development demographics instead the post development theorists made a fallacious assumption that such demographics must succeed on their own initiative. Therefore post development is seen to empower the anti-modern fundamentalist and traditionalist who are considered to hold non-progressive and oppressive values. Such ideologies of non-progressiveness and oppressive values cannot support the ideologies of development in any society since development itself is progressive and its always realizable over a period of time (Leigh Blakely, (2016). The development aims to assist the impoverished demographic in any nations to grow but not to leave them to succeed in their own initiative as this may not be possible due to other factors including insufficient resource endo wment capacity of the nations. The call for alternatives therefore by the post development theorist is therefore unrealistic as post modernization development incorporates the ideas of post development and also provides a framework for adoption of new development strategies and initiatives. Conclusion It is important to have the understanding of the post development concepts or ideologies of development as well as the post modernization ideas of development and get to understand or evaluate the usefulness of both concepts. A critical analysis, therefore, helps to appreciate each school of thought as well as advocate for alternatives if a gap is established in any of the past scholarly developments. This study has, therefore, helped us to understand that the post development ideologies of development have only been built up under the misconception that development was a western hegemony and was meant to make the developing nations continue being dependent on the developed nations. However, it is good to understand the heterogeneity nature of development and that its a wide discipline that cannot be explained by a particular school of thought or a single theory cannot be sufficient enough to determine the course of development and that is why positive critique is very important. References Andrews, N., Bawa, S. (2014). A post-development hoax?(Re)-examining the past, present and future of development studies. Third World Quarterly, 35(6), 922-938. Asongu, S. (2016).Reinventing foreign aid for inclusive and sustainable development: Kuznets, Piketty and the great policy reversal. Journal of Economic Surveys, 30(4), 736-755. Childs, P., Williams, P. (2014).Introduction to post-colonial theory.Routledge. Crain, W. (2015). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Psychology Press. Escobar, A. (2015). Degrowth, postdevelopment, and transitions: A preliminary conversation. Sustainability Science, 10(3), 451-462. Gupta, J., Pouw, N. R., Ros-Tonen, M. A. (2015).Towards an elaborated theory of inclusive development. The European Journal of Development Research, 27(4), 541-559. Jackson, R., Srensen, G. (2015). Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches. Oxford university press. Kapoor, I. (2014). Psychoanalysis and development: Contributions, examples, limits. Third World Quarterly, 35(7), 1120-1143. Leigh, N. G., Blakely, E. J. (2016).Planning local economic development: Theory and practice.Sage Publications. Leigh, N. G., Blakely, E. J. (2016).Planning local economic development: Theory and practice.Sage Publications. Moore, D. B., Schmitz, G. J. (Eds.). (2016). Debating development discourse: Institutional and popular perspectives. Springer. Park, S. (2014). Cultural relativism and the theory of relativity. Peet, R., Hartwick, E. (2015). Theories of development: Contentions, arguments, alternatives. Guilford Publications. Pye, L. W., Verba, S. (2015). Political culture and political development.Princeton University Press. Radcliffe, S. A. (2015). Development alternatives. Development and Change, 46(4), 855-874. Ziai, A. (2015). Post?Development: Premature Burials and Haunting Ghosts. Development and Change, 46(4), 833-854.